View our suggested citation for this chapter. Discuss the role of grazing in a pasture-livestock system. The grasses that seem native to an area today are not necessarily what grew there 100 years ago. It is important to differentiate among damage patterns caused by concentrations of people in villages, faulty agricultural practices, and improper or irrational rangeland management. Controlled-access commons, where natural resources have customary users such as herders, farmers, or fishermen, are more often the norm. Based on field studies, Lamprey (1988) found that from 1958 to 1975, the southern boundary of the Sahara had advanced 100 km. Range Science Department, Utah State University, Logan. The selection of a forage plant is crucial. Our technicians are trained to spot early warning signs that you would probably not notice. 109 Crop Science Building Such rules specify who has access to the resources and under what conditions, regulate access and levels of use, and provide for the resolution of conflicts and enforcement of sanctions. The preservation of these wild ungulates, which is essential for conserving biodiversity, may also make better economic sense than the recent practice of displacing wildlife with domestic livestock. Demographic equilibrium among the pastoral peoples depended on slow, steady settlement, which drew off surplus population and kept a favorable balance between people and resources on the steppe. Analysis of this type could help answer a number of interesting questions: Do intense grazing and wildfire cause changes in grassland climate due to major alterations in albedo and the portioning of latent and sensible heat fluxes, compared to what might be expected in the absence of such activities? Describe conditions that tend to favor weed problems in pastures and describe how to alleviate these conditions. agriculture is limited only by nature or, where nature is momentarily bowed, by sporadic natural disaster; and the pastoralists have been reduced to areas where nothing else works. Some grasslands were too overwhelming for man for a long time. Future grassland studies must take greater account of social and economic structures and their effects on the exploitation of natural resources. For these and other reasons, the elimination of small mammals could have a long-term negative impact on rangelands. Pielke, R.A., and R. Avissar. Explain why producers and the public should be concerned about weeds. Ideally, such research should be carried out through collaboration between natural and social scientists, using methods that give a prominent place to the perceptions and capabilities of pastureland users themselves. Peace, War, and Trade Along the Great Wall: Nomadic-Chinese Interaction Through Two Millennia. Oregon State University Yet analysis of these practices usually reveals that they are quite rational. Landscape Ecology 4:133155. Grassland plant communities are classied in the EU into seven main habitats according to EUNIS (2006): dry These studies showed that far from being the object of abuse by private owners, common pool resources such as pastures are often subject to well-defined access and management rules enforced by effective customary institutions. They know that ecosystem science in the West has developed conceptual frameworks, methodologies, and techniques that take account of this complexity, and they want to learn and apply these approaches to the study of natural resources in China. Given the upheavals in China during the first half of the twentieth century, the number of livestock in 1949the first year of the People's Republicmust have been below, perhaps far below, levels achieved earlier or obtainable under normal conditions. Kittel. Department of Crop and Soil Science Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. The one area of research on wild mammals covered in this study is on grassland rodents. In this situation, individual producers may find it rational to ignore the rules, which result in a tragedy of the commons. The migrations were limited to a defined territory, and the use of pastures was controlled by extended kinship groups. Gorse, J.E., and D.R. Grasslands of China and Mongolia: Spatial Extent, Land Use and Conservation. These views have been presented in Chapters 2 through 13. Until recently, theory was dominated by the notion of the "tragedy of the commons," which explains grassland degradation as the inevitable consequence of rational strategies pursued by individual owners who stock privately owned animals on publicly or collectively owned land. Better management and improved livelihoods can only be attained if the legal, social and economic problems associated with pastoralism, are dealt with. The biology of pastoral man as a factor in conservation. Diversity is a keyword for grasslands and grassland-based systems in Europe. Most definitions fix the responsibility for desertification on humans or on a combination of human and natural factors. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Desertification Control Bulletin 17:17. Influences of regions of different species composition have also been observed elsewhere (e.g., Andre et al., 1990, for southwest France). Mongolia, for example, has attempted to manage gazelles by protecting and harvesting a certain number each year for the European luxury meat marketa program that suffers in part because the gazelles migrate seasonally into China where they are slaughtered indiscriminately. Observations made by the two CSCPRC delegations confirm that degradation does occur at specific sites throughout northern China. Proceedings of the Conference on Common Property Resource Management. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Locate and describe the temperate grasslands and their forages. ion as a process of change in ecosystems toward more arid states. In China, as elsewhere, the assumptions that herbivorous rodents and pikas (Ochotonidae) damage the grasslands and should be eradicated or at least controlled are apparently shared by scholars and policymakers alike. 20, University of Bergen, Norway. Pikasthe ecological equivalent of the American prairie doghave been greatly reduced in many areas of China by the application of zinc sulfide poison. Working within an established discipline contributes a focus, standards, and consistency that can make the results of research comprehensible and useful to other scholars. Without disturbance, forbs and grasses are replaced by woody species in a process called succession, resulting in loss of habitat to many grassland wildlife species and a reduction in forage available to livestock. Grasses are very common but very important. Traditional pastoral nomadism in China depended on the exploitation of extensive, seasonal pastures. In the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region there is extreme pressure on such extensive grazing lands as remain. Ellis, J.E., and D.M. The herds normally consisted of sheep, goats, horses, cattle, and camels, with the addition of the yak in high-altitude areas. Rather than dismiss such behavior as irrational, rangeland scientists should concentrate on understanding the causes that drive people to sacrifice the sustainability of their environment for short-term gain and on finding solutions that will help them satisfy both short-and long-term needs. 4354 in Low Input Sustainable Yield System: Implications for the World's Rangelands. Dregne and Tucker (1988) evaluated the work of Lamprey and Hellden, and concluded that Lamprey had failed to prove the advancing desert thesis. Theorists who pursue this line of analysis generally arrive at one of two policy preferences: to increase privatization of common resources (land, water, forage, etc.) Conversely, where these conditions do not apply, it is unlikely that common resources such as pasture can be sustained. Benefits of regular septic pumping service will help to identify potential problems that could be lurking under the surface (literally). Describe major types of irrigation systems in US forage production. 1991. Barth, Fredrik. While it is impossible to cover all possible scenarios related to tree management in grasslands in a single article, the primary message for grassland owners and managers is that early control of volunteer woody species is the simplest and most cost-effective option for maintaining open grassland habitats. Discuss the major elements needed for good soil fertility and plant growth. In northwestern Tibet and southwestern Qinghai, both remote and almost uninhabited areas, the Tibetan antelope, wild ass, and other unique upland fauna survive in moderate abundance. Since summers can often reach high temperatures in temperate grasslands and the rate of precipitation can be mild, drought is often likely. There is little doubt that domestic animals change the ecological character of the relatively small proportion of rangelands in which they are highly concentrated, but the reaction of rangeland vegetation to the abiotic environment is not well understood. The study of grasslands in China as elsewhere must take account of wild as well as domesticated animals and of the importance of preserving the grasslands not only as an economic resource, but also as a natural reserve. Provide practice in identifying common forages. The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China. Nomads of South Persia: The Basseri of the Khamseh. The arrival of railroads in the 1800's also greatly changed the massive grasslands in Eurasia and North America. Describe how knowledge of grass regrowth is beneficial to forage managers. Is desertification a myth? For example, it is often argued that pastoralists should be settled and become agriculturalists for their own good as well as that of the environment. Influence of vegetation on the water and heat distribution over mesoscale sized areas. Pp. Describe the processes of infection and nodulation in forage legumes. Describe the concept of Integrated Pest Management and how it applies to weed control. Boundary Layer Meteorology 50:77108. List several grassland organizations and describe their role in promoting forages and grassland agriculture. This debate has both theoretical and practical implications. Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name. 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